(a) Hyderabad Freedom Struggle: Hyderabad was under Nizam rule, it was one of the largest amongst princely states along with Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi regional sections. Various organisations were formed to fight against Nizam’s policy for their people.
- Nizam’s decision: Nizam was ruler and wanted to merge Hyderabad into Pakistan. The people of Hyderabad wanted democracy. It was not about one regional section. He put restrictions on the Civil and Political rights of his subjects to a great extent.
- Organisations: To fight against the suppressive policy of Nizam people of the state started various organisations namely Andhra Parishad in Telangana, Maharashtra Parishad in Marathwada, and Karnataka Parishad in Karnataka. Swami Ramananda Tirth formed an organisation with loyal workers called Hyderabad State Congress and gave direction for freedom.
- Operation Polo: People of Hyderabad wanted to merge in India. Kasim Razvi formed a ‘Razakar’ organisation against people. In the end, the Indian Government launched a police campaign against Nizam, called ‘Operation Polo’. In 1948 Nizam surrendered and Hyderabad merged in India.
(b) The Kashmir Issue: From the beginning, Kashmir is special attention for all. After British policy for the princely states, Kashmir king Hari Singh decided not to be a part of Pakistan and also not be a part of India.
But Pakistan attacked Kashmir and King Hari Singh asked India to help and he consented to merge Kashmir in India and officially submitted an agreement. Indian Army was sent to save Kashmir. Later on, the constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was drafted and it became part of India and got special status under article 370.’
The intervention of UNO: In 1948, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru took this matter to UNO. It became an international issue. Even UNO could not persuade Pakistan to withdraw their troops from the territory of Kashmir occupied by them. However, then the National Conference Party decided on a plebiscite to solve the issue and to accede Kashmir to India.
(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli:
- Dadra and Nagar Haveli is located in Gujarat, near the Damanganga river, it was under the control of the Portuguese.
- Like other regions of India, the people of Dadra and Nagar Haveli also got freedom from the Portuguese.
- Many organisations like the United Front of Goans and Azad Gomantak Dal came together to fight against the Portuguese reign.
- These organisations and their branches started capturing the area under it. Many police stations and administration offices were attacked.
- The Portuguese army was called to control people. At the same time, the Government of India appointed Governor and signed the agreement.
- According to this treaty, Dadra and Nagar Haveli merged in India on 2nd August 1954 and in 1961, got status of ‘Union Territories.’
(d) Goa:
- Goa was under Portuguese control. In 1928 ‘Goa Congress Committee was formed and it became the branch of the Indian National Congress.
- Quit Goa’ slogans were posted all over Goa.
- Dr. Kunha played an important role in Goa. Dr. Lohia got arrested in Civil Disobedience Movement.
- Dr. Kunha was also arrested. After his release from jail, he started a newspaper namely ‘Azad Goa’ and ‘Swatantra Goa’.
- One of the groups of activists unfurled the Indian flag at the fort of Panaji.
- Many eminent people participated in Goa Liberation Movement. Mohan Ranade systematically began anti Portuguese propaganda in Goa. He was arrested and kept in jail till 1972.
- ‘Maratha’, a newspaper, was trying to get support from Maharashtra for Goa. Soon Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru sent the Indian army to Goa for the mission called “Operation Vijay”.
- Within 48 hours Portuguese surrendered and Goa became a part of the Indian Republic. And 450 years rule of foreign power came to an end.
(e) Puducherry:
- Similar to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Puducherry was under French rule.
- Most of the east coast of India regions like Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Yanam, and Chandrangar in West Bengal were under French rule as well.
- People and many political parties under the leadership of V. Subbayya came together to get rid of the French.
- It was a serious matter for the Government of India; hence they demanded that French Government return the Indian regions. In 1948, an agreement was signed by both governments for Puducherry.
- In 1949, Chandranagar was merged in India.
- In 1954, the French government passed the draft, according to it all French ruling regions will merge in India. And in 1963 Puducherry was declared a ‘Union Territory’.
