(a) `SN^2` gives complete inversion of the configuration of the attacked `C`. If a free `R^+` were to form in the `SN^1` reaction, it would be achiral because it would possess a plane of symmetry incorporating its three `sigma` -bonds Its `p` atomic orbital could be attacked equally well at either of its faces, giving a completely racemic product.
(b) The actual mechanism does not involve a free `R^(oplus)` As `X` leaves and the bond angles open up from `109^@` to `120^@`, there is room for the solvent molecule (`HS` : Polar protic solvent) to approach from the rear. The anion is also solvated by H-bonding as it leaves `R`
This `T.S` passes onto a di-solvated intimate ion-pair intermediate :
`(HS ....R^+ X^(Ө) ...HS : )`
If the solvation bond to `C` get stronger and `X^(Ө)` leaves completely, an inverted product is obtained.
If H-bond is stronger, it will remove `X^(Ө)` and hence `R^+` is formed which gives racemic product.
(c) (i) Althrough the solvent molecules are present in the rate determing `T.S`., they to not appear in rate expression. In such cases, the reaction in pseudo first order. This shows that solvent molecules intervence in the rate determing `T.S`.
(ii) When an inert solvent (e.g., benzene) is used with a small amount of nucleophilic protic solvent `(MeOH)`, then rate expression is :
`R = K[RX][MeOH]^2` (Third order)
(iii) It will be termolecular, but it is rare. Solvating molecule that helps to remove `X^(Ө)` will appear first, followed by back-side attacking molecule Each solvent is biomolecular.