(a). Let a drop of a liquid L be poured on a solid surface S placed in air A. if `T_(SL)` and `T_(SA)` be the surface tensions corresponding to solid-liquid layer, liquid-air layer and solid-air layer respectively and `theta` be the angle of contact between the liquid and solid then,
`T_(LA)Ctheta+T_(SL)=T_(SA)`
`impliescostheta=T_(SA)-T_(SL)//T_(LA)`
for the mercury-glass interfere, `T_(SA) lt T_(SL)`. therefore, cos0 is negative. thus `theta` is an obtuse angle. for the water-glass interface `T_(SA) gt T_(SL)`. therefore cos0 is positive. thus, `theta` is an acute angle.
(b). Water on a clean glass surface tends to spread out i.e., watedr wets glass because force f cohesion of water is much less than the force of adhesion due to glass. in case of mercury force of cohesion due to mercury molecules is quite strong as compared to adhesion force due to glass. consequently, merucry does not wet glass and tends to form drops.
(c). Surface tensio f liquid i the force acting per unit length on a line drawn tangentially to the liquid surface at rest. since h as force is independent of the area of liquid surface therefore, surface tension is also independent of the area of the liquid surface.
(d). We know that the clothes have narrow pores or spaces which act as capillaries. also, we know that the rise of liqud in a capillary tue is directly proportional to `costheta` (Here `theta` is the angle of contact). As `theta` is small for detergent, therefore `costheta` will be large. due to this, the dentergent will penetrate more in the narrow pores of the clothes.
(e). We know that any system tends to remain in a state of minimum energy. in the absence of any external force for a given volume of liquid its surface area and consequently. surface energy is least for a spherical shape. it is due to this reaso that a liquid drop, in the absence of an external force is spherical in shape.
