(a) Literature — Language and literature also saw the influence of the two traditions. The language which the Mughal rulers used in the administration was Persian. Through the Persian language, India was able to develop close cultural relations with Central Asia and Iran. In course of time, Persian became the language of administration and the language of the upper classes .The greatest linguistic synthesis is seen in the development of Urdu, which is a mixture of Perisan, Arabic, Hindi and other regional languages. Urdu was originally known as ‘Zaban-e- Hindvi’ because its grammatical structure is similar to that of Hindi.
(b) Architecture— The fusion of two cultures is more profound in the field of architecture. Though the Indian and Islamic systems of art were fundamentally different in their ideas and techniques, they were mingled together to give rise to a new type of Indo-Islamic architecture.
The significant features adopted by the two from each other were the following:
1. The Islamic architecture added to the Indian architecture the special characteristics of spaciousness, massiveness, majesty and width.
2. In the sphere of decoration, the Turks avoided representation of human and animal figures in the buildings. Instead, they used geometrical and floral designs, combining them with panel s of inscriptions containing verses from the Holy Quran. They also borrowed Indian motifs like swastika, bell, lotus, etc.
3. The design of the golden kalash at the top of the shikhara of temples was adopted by the Muslims in placing a stone kalash on the domes of mosques and tombs.
4. Many temples of Vrindavan assimilated the Mughal style of architecture.
5. The Mughal traditions influenced the palaces and forts of many provincial and local kingdoms. For example, the Golden Temple at Amritsar, was built on the arch and dome principle of the Islamic architecture and incorporated some features of the incorporated some features of the Mughal traditions of architecture.
(c) Paintings — During the reign of Akbar, there was a fusion of Persian and Indian style of painting. Painting was organised in one of the imperial establishments (karkhanas) and a number of painters from different parts of the country were made to paint. Out of 17 eminent artists employed by Akbar, 13 were Hindus. Besides illustrating Persian books of tables,the painters were given the task of illustrating the Persian text of the Mahabharata and Akbarnama. In these paintings,Indian themes and scenes were used along with Indian colours like peacock blue and the Indian red. The most important work produced during the Mughal period is an unusual manuscript, Dastan-i-Amir Hamza or Hamzanama, which has nearly 1200 paintings
