a. Primitive unit cells are `(b)` and `(c)`, because the only point contained in the unit cell are at the corners of the parallelograms.
Units cell `(a)` and `(d)` are multiple unit cells because there are points in the unit cells in addition to the corners of the parallelogram.
Unit cell `(a)` is an orthogonal unit cell because it contains angles of `90^(@)`.
b. The unit cell content `(Z)` is the total number of atoms contained within the unit cell. From the second figure, only part of each circle at each corner is contained within the parallelogram unit cell.
Each circle is touching `4` other circles, so share of each circle is `(1)/(4) implies Z = (1)/(4) xx 4 = 1`.
c. `a = 2R`, where `a` is the length of the side of parallelogram and `R` is the radius of circle.
d. The crystal coordination number `(CN)` is the number of nearest neighbour around a given atom, ion, or molecule in the crystal.
From the first figure (i), each atom (except the "surface" atom) is touching `6` other atoms, so `CN = 6`.
e.
Let `R` is the radius of larger circle and `r` is the radius of the triangular hole:
In `DeltaABC, cos 30^(@) = ("Base")/("Hypotenuse") = (AC)/(AB) = (R)/(R + r)`,
`implies (R + r) cos^30^(@) = R`.
`implies r =((2)/(sqrt(3)) -1) R`
f. Packing fraction `= ("Area occupied by circles")/("Area of unit cell")`
Since `Z = 1` , area of circle `= piR^(2)`
Area of parallelogram `= 2sqrt3R^(2)`,
`:. PF = (Z xx piR^(2))/(2sqrt3R^(2)) = (pi)/(2sqrt3) = 0.907`,
