(i) Common ion effect: It can be defined as a shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides more of an ionic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium. It can also be defined as the phenomenon in which the degree of dissociation of an electrolyte is suppressed by the addition of another electrolyte containing a common ion.
(ii) Solubility Product: It is defined as the mathematical product of its dissolved ion concentrations raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients. It is denoted by the symbol Ksp.
(iii) Buffer Solution: The solution that resists change in its pH on dilution or an addition of small amount of acid or alkali is known as buffer solution.
