Correct Answer - Option 3 : caused by local disturbance due to pipe fittings
Explanation:
Minor loses caused by the disruption of the flow due to the installation of appurtenances, such as valves, bends, and other fittings.
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Minor losses are usually expressed in terms of the loss coefficient KL also called the resistant coefficient and it is defined as,
where KL = loss coefficient, HL = loss of head, V = velocity of fluid
- In some cases, the minor losses may be greater than the major losses, for example, in a system where several turns and valves in a short distance.
- Following are some minor losses which occur in pipe flow:
- Loss of energy due to sudden enlargement
- Loss of energy due to sudden contraction
- Loss of energy at the entrance of the pipe
- Loss of energy at the exit from pipe
- Loss of energy in Bends and Pipe Fittings
Major losses: Whenever the losses in the pipes are because of friction they are considered as major losses because there is a significant loss of energy because of friction.
According to Darcy’s Weisbach equation:
Major loss (hL): this is the head loss due to friction.
where f = friction factor, L = length of pipe, V = velocity of flow, D = diameter of the pipe
