Gauss’s law: The net flux through a closed surface in free space is related to the net charge qenci that is enclosed by that surface and is given by
Φ = ∮ \(\vec E\). \(\vec{d\,s}\) = \(\cfrac{q_{encl}}{ε_0}\)
where e0 is the permittivity of free space and the electric flux \(\vec E\). \(\vec{d\,s}\) is integrated over the entire area of the surface.
