Correct Answer - Option 2 : Spearman
Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.
- There are many theories related to intelligence. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human intelligence.
The two-factor theory of intelligence:
Charles Spearman proposed this theory in the year 1923.
- According to his theory, intelligence consists of two factors: ‘g’ and ‘s’, where ‘g’ stands for generalized factor and ‘s’ stands for the specific factor.
- As per him, the ‘g’ factor is responsible for different tasks which are common for all people while the ‘s’ factor is for abilities like musical, spatial, mechanical, etc.
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S-factor is applicable in specific fields and changeable in nature while G-factor is a universal innate ability to perform all cognitive tasks effectively.
Hence, we can conclude that Spearman told about the general and specific factor of intelligence.
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Psychologist
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Theory
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Main Idea
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Thorndike
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Multi-factor theory
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- According to this theory, Intelligence is said to be constituted of a multitude of separate factors or elements.
- Thorndike believed that intelligence involves three mutually independent abilities which are abstract, concrete, and Social Intelligence.
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Cattell
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Theory of Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence
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R.B. Cattell (1963) believed that intelligence was primarily an inherited trait. He proposed that general intelligence is composed of two factors -
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Fluid Intelligence: It is the basic capacity for learning and problem-solving, independent of education and experience.
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Crystallized Intelligence: It is the ability to bring previously acquired, often culturally defined, problem-solving methods to solve a problem.
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