Correct Answer - Option 1 : Ethnography and phenomenology
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Research is a systematic inquiry towards understanding a complex social phenomenon or a process. Based on the research problem, the selection of research methods by the researcher may vary. There are two types of research on the basis of a process i.e Quantitative research and Qualitative research.
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Quantitative Research:
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Qualitative Research:
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- It is similar to deductive research.
- It follows a linear path that includes creating the hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing data, accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.
- It involves the collection of a large amount of data and converting it into numerical form to apply statistical calculations and make conclusions.
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Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental (ex post facto), and Experimental Research, Survey Research,
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- The objective is to explore a phenomenon to gain understanding by diving deeper into the problem.
- The quality of data rather than quantity is given importance.
- Used qualitative methods of data collection such as interviews, focus groups, observation, etc.
- It is spiral in nature and flexible in the steps of conducting research.
- The researcher starts with observation and ends with a theoretical position.
- It moves from specific to theory.
- A subject is studied in depth.
- The conclusions are descriptive rather than predictive.
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Believes in the interpretivism paradigm and disregards the positivist assumptions and statistical data analysis.
- The behavioral aspect of people is studied. (thoughts, beliefs, attitude, values, etc).
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Phenomenological Method, Ethnographic Model, Grounded Theory Method,
Case Study Model,
Historical Model,
Narrative Model.
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Ethnographic Research:
- The goal of ethnographic research is to describe and interpret a cultural or social group.
- Ethnographers spend extensive time in the setting being studied and use observations, interviews, and other analyses to understand the nature of the culture.
- Ethnography is an in-depth description and interpretation of cultural patterns and meanings within a culture or social group. The main emphasis is on groups.
- Ethnographers study specific cultural themes.
Phenomenological Research:
- The goal of phenomenological research is to fully understand the essence of some phenomenon.
- This is usually accomplished with long, intensive individual interviews.
- The purpose is to describe and interpret the experiences of participants in order to understand the essence of the experience as perceived by the participants.
- The basis is that there are multiple ways of interpreting the same experience and that the meaning of the experience to each participant is what constitutes reality.
- Focuses on the consciousness of human experiences.
Thus, the most appropriate answer is Ethnography and phenomenology.
