Correct Answer - Option 3 : Vygotsky
Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, proposed a theory of cognitive development known as ‘Socio-Cultural Theory’.
Central Concepts of this theory-
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More Knowledgeable Others (MKO)-
- these are those people, who are more knowledgeable and have better expertise in a particular domain. These MKO can help in improving the skill of the children.
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Scaffolding-
- Vygotsky used this term to describe social and instructional support provided by MKO to students to learn new concepts and skills. Once the skill is learned by the student, the instructional support is withdrawn
- The teacher models and provides small, safe, incremental steps for students to take.
- The shifting of the responsibility from the teacher to the student allows students to internalize the process and become more adept with difficult materials
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)-
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ZPD is the difference between the present level of development attained without anyone’s assistance and potential level of development which can be attained under the guidance of MKO
Thus from above-mentioned points, it is clear that the concept of 'Scaffolding' has been given by Vygotsky.
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Vygotsky writes, every function in a child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level and then inside the child.
- Vygotsky believed that cultures, like individuals, have a life of their own; they grow and change, and in the process specify what will be the end-product of successful intellectual development.
- They perform all activities and think within the framework of their socio-cultural environment.
