1. Singh Sabha Movement: The foundation of Singh Sabha Movement was laid at Manji Sahib (Amritsar) in 1873 A.D. Its objective was to remove prevailing evils from Sikhism and society. Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhawalia was appointed its President and Giani Gian Singh was made its secretary. All the Sikhs residing in different parts of the country were allowed to become the member of Singh Sabha. Another branch of Singh Sabha was opened at Lahore in 1879 A.D. and Prof. Gurmukh Singh was made its President. Gradually many branches of Singh Sabha were founded in Punjab. Propagators of Singh Sabha strongly condemned the prevailing caste system, untouchability and other social evils in society.
This movement propagated to give equal rights to females as compared to males. It criticised the evils related to women like Purdah system, Child marriage, Polygamy and restriction on widow remarriage. Singh Sabha opened widow-homes for the welfare of widows. It also gave special emphasis on women education. Sikh girls school at Firozpur, Khalsa Bhujang school Karron and Vidya Bhandar Bhamor are famous girls schools which were started by Singh Sabha.
2. Ahmedia Movement: The Foundation of the Ahmedia Movement was laid by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed in 1853 A.D. at Qadian Distt. Gurdaspur. It told the people to live according to the teachings of ‘Quran Sharif. It propagated for mutual brotherhood and religious tolerance. They propagated to sacrifice evil customsr superstitions and evils from the society. They also propagated for religious education as well as for western education. They founded many schools and colleges.
3. Swami Vivekananda and Rama Krishna Mission: Rama Krishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 A.D. in the memory of his Guru ‘Swami Ram Krishna Paramhans’. He criticised the prevailing superstitions’ and useless customs of Indian society. He did not believe in caste system and untouchability. He tried to improve the condition of women. He was in favour of giving equal rights to both males and females. He opposed child infanticide, child marriage, dowry system etc. He propagated for women education and established many schools and libraries.
