Tools
Restriction Endonuclease to cut DNA at specific sequence (recognition site).
DNA ligase to join cut ends of DNA together by forming phosphodiester bond.
Vectors Carriers which carry foreign DNA to host cell, e.g. plasmid, bacteriophage, etc.
Techniques
Gel electrophoresis To separate DNA fragments according to their size and charge.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) To multiply numerous copies of DNA in in vitro condition with the help of Tag DNA polymerase enzyme.
Insertion techniques Transformation, transduction, gene gun, microinjection, chemical treatment, etc.
Bioreactors are large vessels used for large scale or commercial production of biotechnological products.
Tissue culture It is the in vitro culture of desirable cells, tissue or microbes using various nutrients in controlled conditions.
Cloning It is a process of producing clone of an animal using nuclear transfer technique. In this technique, nucleus of a somatic cell of an animal is transferred to anucleated egg cell.
