a. staffing- staffing is the managerial function of filling and keeping filled positions in the organisation structure.
b. promotion- A promotion at a higher level may lead to chain of promotions at lower levels in an organisation. This motivates the employees to improve their performance through learning and practice
c. apprenticeship training- Under this, the trainee is placed under supervision of an experienced person (master worker) who imparts him necessary skills and regulates his performance.