AWS EBS (Elastic Block Store) provides block-level storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances. It's suitable for databases, file systems, and other applications that require access to raw block-level storage. AWS S3 (Simple Storage Service), on the other hand, is an object storage service designed to store and retrieve any amount of data from anywhere on the web. It's commonly used for backup and recovery, data archiving, and serving static content for web applications.