Question

NCERT Solutions Class 11, Geography, Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Chapter-1, Geography as a Discipline

Gaining a comprehensive understanding of Class 11 Geography is essential for success in board and competitive exams, with NCERT Solutions being a key resource. Developed by professionals, these solutions highlight crucial chapter themes and are in line with the CBSE curriculum, providing vital assistance for your educational efforts.

In these NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography, we have discussed all types of NCERT intext questions and exercise questions.

Concepts covered in Class 11 Geography, Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Chapter- 1 Geography as a Discipline, are-

• Geography as an Integrating Discipline
• Branches of Geography
• Physical Geography and its importance
• Human Geography
• Biogeography

Our NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography offer detailed explanations to assist you with homework and assignments. By mastering the concepts in each chapter through these solutions, you'll be well-prepared to achieve top marks in your exams. Start your journey to academic success today!

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Answer 1

NCERT Solutions Class 11, Geography, Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Chapter-1, Geography as a Discipline

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following scholars coined the term ‘Geography’?

(a) Herodotus

(b) Erathosthenese

(c) Galileo

(d) Aristotle

Solution:

(a) Erathosthenese

(ii) Which one of the following features can be termed as ‘physical feature’?

(a) Port

(b) Road

(c) Plain

(d) Water park

Solution:

(c) Plain

(iii) Make correct pairs from the following two columns and mark the correct option.

Column I	Column II
1. Meteorology	A. Population Geography
2. Demography	B. Soil Geography
3. Sociology	C. Climatology
4. Pedology	D. Social Geography

(a) 1B, 2C, 3A, 4D

(b) 1A, 2D, 3B, 4C

(c) 1D, 2B, 3C, 4A

(d) 1C, 2A, 3D, 4B

Solution:

(d) 1C, 2A, 3D, 4B

(iv) Which one of the following questions is related to cause-effect relationship?

(a) Why

(b) Where

(c) What

(d) When

Solution:

(a) Why

(v) Which one of the following disciplines attempts temporal synthesis?

(a) Sociology

(b) Geography

(c) Anthropology

(d) History

Solution:

(d) History

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

(i) What important cultural features do you observe while going to school? Are they similar or dissimilar? Should they be included in the study of geography or not? If yes, why?

Solution:

When we go to school we see shops, commercial properties, roads, religious temples, houses, government offices, etc. on the way. These represent cultural features. All of these features are dissimilar.

Since these features are an inseparable part of human geography, these all must be included in the study of geography.

(ii) You have seen a tennis ball, a cricket ball, an  orange and a pumpkin. Which one amongst these resembles the shape of the earth? Why have you chosen this particular item to describe the shape of the earth?

Solution:

An orange resembles the most with the shape of the earth. It closely matches with the geoid shape of the earth.

(iii) Do you celebrate Van Mahotsav in your school? Why do we plant so many trees? How do the trees maintain ecological balance?

Solution:

 Van Mahotsav is celebrated every year in our  school. Trees are planted for their environmental and economic benefit. Plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen to maintain ecological balance.

(iv) You have seen elephants, deer, earthworms, trees and grasses. Where do they live or grow? What is the name given to this sphere? Can you describe some of the important features of this sphere?

Solution:

All these creatures live in biosphere. Biosphere is a zone of contact between lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that  supports life. In biosphere all the living organism make an ecological balance for the survival.

(v) How much time do you take to reach your school  from your house? Had the school been located across the road from your house, how much time would you have taken to reach school? What is the effect of the distance between your residence and the school on the time taken in commuting? Can you convert time into space and vice versa?

Solution:

My school is located at a distance of 30 minutes from my home. If the school had been located across the road from my house, it would take 10 minutes. More distance between house and school takes more time. We cannot convert time into space.

3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.

(i) You observe every day in your surroundings that there is variation in natural as well as cultural phenomena. All the trees are not of the same variety. All the birds and animals you see, are different. All these different elements are found on the earth. Can you now argue that geography is the study of “areal differentiation” ?

Solution:

We observe large-scale variations in natural and man-made or cultural phenomena over the surface-of the earth. These variations are concerned with both physical and man-made environment. One of the primary objectives of geography is to study aerial differentiation. As per the Hettner “Geography studies the difference of phenomena usually related in different part of the earth’s surface.” Aerial differentiation or variations in the phenomena over the earth’s surface are the concern of geography. For example, there are variations in climate change, which are associated with variations in climate, global warming, pollution etc. The geography also tries to probe causal relationship between any two phenomena. With this view in mind, Richard Hartshorne gave his definition of geography in these words, “Geography is concerned with the description and explanation of the aerial differentiation of the earth’s surface”.

(ii) You have already studied geography, history, civics and economics as parts of social studies. Attempt an integration of these disciplines highlighting their interface.

Solution:

Since geography, history, civics, and economics are the part and parcel of social sciences, they are all closely related to one another.

Geography is a discipline of synthesis. Its approach is holistic in nature and recognises the interdependence that exists in the world. Geography helps in understanding the reality in totality in its spatial perspective. The relation of geography with several natural, social, and  biological sciences clearly depicts that these sciences are closely related to geography because there are spatial changes in their elements. Geography is a subject, which is capable of making us understand the reality in totality in  its spatial perspective. Thus, geography takes note of spatial variations in the phenomena and integrates them holistically. A geographer is supposed to have the basic knowledge of all the related fields so that he is able to integrate them. The integration of the related fields is necessary to have a proper understanding of geography.

Answer 2

More Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. We study under physical geography:

(a) Weather, soil, atmosphere, etc.
(b) Agriculture
(c) Population, Industry
(d) Urban and rural settlement

Solution:

(a) Weather, soil, atmosphere, etc.

2. Which of the following is not studied under economic geography?

(a) Agriculture
(b) Industry
(c) Transport
(d) Population

Solution:

(d) Population

3. Which of the following is not a sub-branch of Biogeography?

(a) Zoo Geography
(b) Plant Geography
(c) Human Geography
(d) Climate Geography

Solution:

(d) Climate Geography

4. Geography is concerned with the description and explanation of the areal differentiation of the earth’s surface. Who said it?

(a) Herodotus
(b) Erathosthenese
(c) Richarde Hartshorne
(d) Galileo

Solution:

(c) Richard Hartshome

5. Geography studies the differences of phenomena usually related in different parts of the earth’s surface. Who gave this definition?

(a) Hambolt
(b) Ratzel
(c) Kumari Sample
(d) Alfred Hartner

Solution:

(d) Alfred Hertner

6. Which of the following is not studied under population geography?

(a) Sex Ratio
(b) Migration and Occupational Structure
(c) Pollution
(d) Population Density

Solution:

(c) Pollution

7. Who developed systematic geography?

(a) Hambolt
(b) Karl Ritter
(c) Kumari Sample
(d) Alfred Hartner

Solution:

(a) Hambolt

8. Who developed regional geography?

(a) Hambolt
(b) Karl Ritter
(c) Kumari Sample
(d) Alfred Hartner

Solution:

(b) Karl Ritter

9. Under which approach is the world divided into regions at different hierarchical levels and then all the geographical phenomena in a particular region are studied.

(a) Systematic Approach
(b) Physical Approach
(c) Dualism Approach
(d) Regional Approach

Solution:

(d) Regional Approach

10. Under which approach, a phenomenon is studied world over as a whole, and then the identification of typologies or spatial patterns is done?

(a) Systematic Approach
(b) Physical Approach
(c) Dualism Approach
(d) Regional Approach

Solution:

(a) Systematic Approach.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What are different approaches to the study of geography?

Solution:

The major approaches to study geography have been Systematic and Regional.

2. Who introduced Systematic Approach?

Solution:

The systematic geography was introduced by Alexander Von Humboldt, a German geographer (1769-1859).

3. Who was the profounder of Regional Geography?

Solution:

Regional geography approach was developed by another German geographer and a contemporary of Humboldt, Karl Ritter (1779-1859).’

4. Define Geography.

Solution:

The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese, a Greek scholar (276¬194 BC.). The word has been derived from two Greek words geo (earth) and graphos (description). Put together, they mean description of the earth. The earth has always been seen as the abode of human beings and thus, scholars defined geography as, “the description of the earth as the abode of human beings”.

5. What is studied under Environment Geography?

Solution:

It is concerned with environmental problems such as land gradation, pollution and environment conservation.

6. What is studied under Biogeography?

Solution:

It has emerged as a result of the interface between physical geography and human geography. It has three branches: Plant Geography. Zoo Geography and Ecology.

7. What is studied under Geomorphology?

Solution:

It is concerned with the study of landforms, their evolution and related processes.

8. What is studied under Hydrology?

Solution:

It studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different fife forms including human life and their activities.

9. What are main branches of Biogeography?

Solution:

It has three branches: Plant Geography, Zoo Geography and Ecology.

10. What is studied under Economic Geography?

Solution:

It studies economic activities of the people including agriculture, industry, tourism, trade, and transport, infrastructure and services, etc.

11. What are sub-branches of Physical Geography?

Solution:

It has three sub-branches: Geomorphology, climatology and hydrology.

12. What are sub-branches of Human Geography?

Solution:

It includes Social/Cultural Geography, Population Geography, and Settlement Geography, Economic Geography, Historical Geography and Political Geography.

13. What are the recent techniques that helped the geographer to understand the earth’s surface better?

Solution:

• GIS and GPS
• Computer cartography

14. What do you mean by “areal differentiation”?

Solution:

When there is similarity and dissimilarity among the physical and cultural features on the earth surface, it is called aerial differentiation.

15. Explain the changes occurred in the civilization of man in course of time?

Solution:

Many changes have occurred in the civilization of man in course of time.

• Man moved from stage of necessity to stage of freedom.
• Created new possibilities from the nature.
• We find now humanized nature and naturalized man.
• Space got organized with the help of transport and communication.

Answer 3

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Differentiate between Physical geography and Biogeography.

Solution:

The main differences between Physical geography and Biogeography are given below:

Basis	Physical Geography	Biogeography
Meaning	It has developed as a subject concerned with study of evaluation and management of natural resources.	It has emerged as a result of the interface between physical geography and human geography.
Branches	It has three sub branches: Geomorphology, climatology and hydrology.	It has three branches: Plant Geography, Zoo Geography and Ecology.
Subject matter	It studies abiotic elements of the earth.	It studies biotic elements of the earth.

2. Differentiate between Systematic approach and Regional approach.

Solution:

Main differences between systematic and regional approach are summarized below:

Basis	Systematic Approach	Regional Approach
Profounder	The systematic geography approach was introduced by Alexander Von Humboldt, a German geographer.	Regional geography approach was developed by another German geographer and a contemporary of Humboldt, Karl Ritter.
Methodology	In systematic approach, a phenomenon is studied world over as a whole, and then the identification of typologies or spatial patterns is done.	In the regional approach, the world is divided into regions at different hierarchical levels and then all the geographical phenomena in a particular region are studied. These regions may be natural, political or designated.
Example	For example, if one is interested in studying natural vegetation, the study will be done at the world level as a first step. The typologies such as equatorial rain forests or softwood conical forests or monsoon forests, etc. will be identified, discussed and delimited.	For example, if one is interested in studying natural vegetation, the study will be done for different region like equator, monsoon region, Desert region, Tundra region, etc.

3. As a scientific discipline with how many categories of questions is geography concerried? Explain.

Solution:

Geography as a discipline is concerned with three sets of questions:

1. Some questions are concerned with the identification of the patterns of natural and cultural features as found over the surface of the earth. These are the questions about “what”?
2. Second type of questions are related to the distribution of the natural and human/ cultural features over the surface of the earth. These are the questions about where?
3. The third question is related to the explanation or the causal relationships between features and the processes and phenomena.

4. On the basis of regional approach, explain different branches of geography.

Solution:

Branches of geography based on regional approach:

1) Regional Studies/Area Studies: It comprises of Macro, Meso and Micro regional studies.

2) Regional Planning: It comprises of country/rural and town/urban planning.

3) Regional Development: It deals with the developmental issues of region.

4) Regional Analysis: There are two aspects which are common to every discipline, these are:

• Philosophy
  • Geographical thought
  • Land and human interaction/Human Ecology.
• Methods and techniques
  • Cartography including computer cartography.
  • Quantitative techniques/statistical techniques.

5. Explain different branches of geography under Biogeograph.

Solution:

Biogeography has emerged as a result of the interface between physical geography and human geography. It has three branches: Plant Geography, Zoo Geography and Ecology.

Different branches of Biogeography are as follows:

• Plant Geography: It studies the spatial pattern of natural vegetation in their habitats.
• Zoo Geography: It studies the spatial patterns and geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats.
• Ecology: It is concerned with the scientific study of the habitats characteristic of species.
• Environmental Geography: It is concerned with environmental problems such as land gradation, pollution and environment conservation.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. What is the importance of Physical Geography?

Solution:

Physical geography includes study of Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere. Each element is very important for human beings. Landforms provide base for agriculture, industries, transport and communication, and settlements. Mountains provide water to rivers, forests-center for tourist spots. Climate influences on the cropping pattern, livestock, food and clothes of the people. Climate and precipitation influence the type of forests. Oceans provide food, water transport, and influence the climate; they are the source of hydrological cycle.

Each element of physical environment is important for human beings. Landforms provide the base on which human activities are located. The plains are utilised for agriculture. Plateaus provide forests and minerals. Mountains provide pastures, forests, tourist spots and are sources of rivers providing water to lowlands. Climate influences our house types, clothing and food habits.

The study of physical geography is emerging as a discipline of evaluating and managing natural resources. In order to achieve this objective, it is essential to understand the intricate relationship between physical environment and human beings. Physical environment provides resources, and human beings utilise these resources and ensure their economic and cultural development. Accelerated pace of resource utilisation with the help of modern technology has created ecological imbalance in the world. Therefore, abetter understanding of physical environment is essential in study of Geography.

2. Physical and human factors both are dynamic not static. Explain.

Solution:

The geographical phenomena, both the physical and human, are not static but highly dynamic. They change over times as a result of the interactive processes between ever changing earth and untiring and ever-active human beings.

1. Primitive human societies were directly dependent on their immediate environment. Human beings have come to terms with nature through adaptation and modification.

2. The present society has passed the stage of primitive .societies, which were directly dependent on their immediate physical environment for sustenance. Present societies have modified their natural environment by inventing and using technology and thus, have expanded the horizon of their operation by appropriate utilisation of the resources provided by nature.

3. With the gradual development of technology, human beings were able to loosen the shackles of their physical environment. Technology helped in reducing the harshness of labour, increased labour efficiency and provided leisure to human beings to attend to the higher needs of life. It also increased the scale of production and the mobility of labour. The interaction between the physical environment and human beings has put their imprints everywhere and created new possibilities in collaboration with nature. Thus, we find humanised nature and naturalised human beings and geography studies this interactive relationship.

4. The space got organised with the help of the means of transportation and communication network. The links (routes) and nodes (settlements of all types and hierarchies) integrated the space and gradually, it got organised.

5. It takes note of the associations and interrelationships between the phenomena over space and interprets them providing explanations for these patterns. It also takes note of the associations and inter-relationships between the phenomena resulting from the dynamic interaction between human beings and their physical environment.

Answer 4

3. Explain different branches of Physical geography.

Solution:

It has four sub-branches which are as fallows:

• Geomorphology: It is concerned with the study of landforms, their evolution and related processes.
• Climatology: It is concerned with the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of weather and climates and climatic types and regions.
• Hydrology: It studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life forms including human life and their activities.
• Soil Geography: It is concerned with the study of the processes of soil formation, soil types, their fertility status, distribution and use.

4. What matters are studied under Human Geography?

Solution:

Following facts are studied under Human Geography:

• Social/Cultural Geography: It is concerned with the study of society and its spatial dynamics as well as the cultural elements contributed by the society.
• Population Geography: It studies population growth, distribution, density, sex ratio, migration and occupational structure, etc.
• Settlement Geography: It studies the characteristics of rural and urban settlements.
• Economic Geography: It studies economic activities of the people including agriculture, industry, tourism, trade, and transport, infrastructure and services, etc.
• Historical Geography: It studies the historical processes through which the space gets organised. In other words, it studies how history has influenced the geography of a region.
• Political Geography: It studies the impact of political events and studies boundaries, space relations between neighbouring political units, delimitation of constituencies, election scenario and develops theoretical framework to understand the political behaviour of the population.

Hots Questions

1. Geography is an integrated discipline. How?

Solution:

It is a discipline of synthesis; it includes spatial and temporal synthesis. Its approach is holistic in nature. It recognizes the fact that the world is a system of interdependence. The present world is a global village. The efficient transport and communication helped the world to become unified village. The audio-visual media helped the data to be enriched. Technology provided better chances for monitoring natural phenomena as well as the economic and social parameters.

2. Geographers play an important role for a country. How?

Solution:

Geographers are important for any country because:

• They study the variations and association of the features on the earth surface e.g. cropping pattern differs from place to place and it is due to difference in the climate, soil, demand, transport facility and capacity of the farmer.
• A geographer also studies the cause and effect relationships.
• The interaction between man and nature is highly dynamic and not static; so it is also called as the study of the relation between unstable earth and untrusting man.
• He helps to predict climate.
• He helps in handling natural calamities.