Interferons are a type of protein that play a crucial role in the body's immune response, particularly in defending against viral infections. They are produced and secreted by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, or tumor cells. Interferons belong to a larger class of proteins known as cytokines, which help regulate the immune system.
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Antiviral Activity: Interferons help neighboring uninfected cells "prepare" for a potential viral attack. When a cell is infected with a virus, it secretes interferons, which bind to nearby cells and activate protective antiviral mechanisms. These mechanisms include the activation of enzymes that can break down viral RNA or block viral protein synthesis.
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Immune Cell Activation: Interferons enhance the immune response by increasing the activity of immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages. These cells are key in identifying and eliminating infected or abnormal cells.
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Regulation of the Immune Response: By controlling the behavior of immune cells, interferons help balance the immune response. They prevent overactivation that could lead to harmful inflammation, but they also ensure that the immune system remains alert and capable of responding to threats.
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Anti-Tumor Properties: Interferons can stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancerous cells. They also help inhibit the growth of tumors directly by interfering with their ability to replicate.
