(i) Planning is futuristic: Future-oriented planning aims to achieve future objectives. Planning involves anticipating future conditions, identifying opportunities and challenges, and creating proactive plans to address them. A forward-thinking perspective enables managers to anticipate challenges, capitalize on trends, and position the organization for long-term success.
(ii) Planning is a mental exercise: Planning requires managers to think through a series of steps, including setting objectives, identifying resources, and determining the actions needed to achieve goals. This involves cognitive abilities such as judgment, reasoning, and foresight.
