Pernicious anemia is:
a) A severe form of anemia most often affecting elderly adults, caused by a failure of the stomach to absorb vitamin B12 and characterized by abnormally large red blood cells, gastrointestinal disturbances, and lesions of the spinal cord
b) A form of anemia in which the capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells is defective, caused by a bone marrow disease or exposure to toxic agents, such as radiation, chemicals, or drugs
c) Anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin
d) All of the above