(a) AC generator: A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Construction: It consists of the four main parts:
(i) Field Magnet: It produces the magnetic field. In the case of a low power dynamo, the magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo, the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in the soft iron drum or ring. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum or ring serves the two purposes: (i) It serves as a support to coils and (ii) It increases the magnetic field due to air core being replaced by an iron core.
(iii) Slip Rings: The slip rings R1 and R2 are the two metal rings to which the ends of armature coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft which rotates the armature coil so that the rings also rotate along with the armature.
(iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods (B1 and B2 ) which are fixed and constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current in external load RL is taken through these brushes.
Working: When the armature coil is rotated in the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and the current is induced in the coil, its direction being given by Fleming’s right hand rule. Considering the armature to be in vertical position and as it rotates in anticlockwise direction, the wire ab moves upward and cd downward, so that the direction of induced current is shown in fig. In the external circuit, the current flows along B1RL B2. The direction of current remains unchanged during the first half turn of armature. During the second half revolution, the wire ab moves downward and cd upward, so the direction of current is reversed and in external circuit it flows along B2RL B1. Thus the direction of induced emf and current changes in the external circuit after each half revolution.
Expression for Induced emf: If N is the number of turns in coil, f the frequency of rotation, A area of coil and B the magnetic induction, then induced emf
Obviously, the emf produced is alternating and hence the current is also alternating. Current produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by moving coil ammeter; because the average value of ac over full cycle is zero. The source of energy generation is the mechanical energy of rotation of armature coil.
(b) As the earth’s magnetic field lines are cut by the falling rod, the change in magnetic flux takes place. This change in flux induces an emf across the ends of the rod. Since the rod is falling under gravity,
