(a) (i) Lack of confidence of superiors in his subordinates: If superiors do not have confidence in the competency of their subordinates, they may not seek their advice or opinions.
(ii) Organisational policy: If the organisational policy, explicit or implicit, is not supportive to the free flow of communication, it may hamper effectiveness of the communication. For example, In an organisation with highly centralised pattern, people may not be encouraged to have free communication.
(b) Rules and Regulations: Rigid rules and cumbersome procedures may become a hurdle to the communication. Similarly, communication through prescribed channels may result in delays.