Question

(i) Why 3° carbocation are more stable than 1° carbocation? 

(ii) Compare inductive and electrometric effects. 

(iii) Why CCl₃ COOH is a stronger acid than (CH₃)CCOOH? 

(iv) Define the term nucleophile. 

(v) Draw the resonance structure of aniline, using curved arrow for electronic movements.

Answer 1

(i) Tertiary carbonation has three electron repelling alkyl group. This increase +I effect on carbon and reduces the positive charge making it more stable.

(ii) Inductive effects: It is a permanent effect caused due to more or less electronegative atom/group attached to carbon in an organic compound.

Electrometric effect: It is a temporary electron displacement caused in carbon chain due to presence of an external electrophile or nucleophile.

R→ X + OH^– →ROH + X^–

(iii) CCl₃COOH is a stronger acid than (CH₃)₃ CCOOH due to presence of three -I effect causing groups (-Cl). This reduces -O-H bond and hence make it more stable

(iv) Nucleophile: A reagent that brings an electron pair is called a nucleophile (Nu:) i.e., nucleus seeking.

Negatively charged nucleophile- hydroxide (OH-), cyanide (CN-) etc. Neutral nucleophile-

(v)